Depression And Relationships Essays - Psychiatric Diagnosis

Depression And Relationships A primary concern for Psychology research is depression. Depression affects a great deal of our population and many aspects of an individual's mental health and well-being. In my research of books, articles, and Internet pages on depression, I chose to base my paper mainly on a 1994 article of a study of depression, entitled Depression, Working Models of Others, and Relationship Functioning, by Katherine B. Carnelley, Paula R. Pietromonaco, and Kenneth Jaffe. This study focuses on the idea that the type of care received in childhood, positive or negative, has a great effect on relationship functioning later in adulthood. But there are two links between child-rearing and relationship functioning: attachment style and depression. Both derive from the type of care received in childhood and affect relationship functioning, and both exert a reciprocal influence on each other in adulthood. The researchers of this study wanted to examine all the correlation's between type of care, attachment style, depression, and relationship functioning. They proposed a three part hypothesis: 1. A less positive childhood would result in an insecure attachment style and depression, 2. Depressives would exhibit a preoccupied or fearful style of attachment, and 3. attachment style would affect relationship functioning more than depression. The research was conducted in two independent studies. The first study sampled 204 college women. Women were studied based on the very plausible assumptions that women are more susceptible to depression than men and relationships carry more significance with women than men. The women were screened using the Beck Depression Inventory, a popular method of testing consisting of 21 multiple choice questions to be administered by a clinician. The questions range in scope from feelings of sadness to loss of libido. From these results, a sample of 163 was taken: 73 whose scores indicated mild depression. From this point the researchers administered various inventories to assess the type of childhood care given, romantic attachment styles, and relationship functioning. Depression appears to be the independent variable, because the sample was selected based on desired levels of depression. Once the distinction in levels of depression had been made, childhood care, attachment style, and relationship functioning were assessed in relation to depression. The actual distinction between independent and dependent variables is confusing. There are almost ten variables in this experiment: mild depression, no depression, dating or not dating (101 out of 163 were involved in stable dating relationships that averaged 19.99 months), positive or negative child-rearing, attachment style (fearful, preoccupied, or secure), and relationship functioning (overall satisfaction, quality of interactions with partner, and conflict resolution style). The confusion arises in that the study is assessing the relationships of so many variables. The second study repeated the first except the sample consisted of recovering clinically depressed married women and non depressed married women. The first hypothesis 1a was confirmed as having a strong correlation between women with negative childhood experiences with their mother and a preoccupied and avoidant attachment style. Hypothesis 1b was confirmed by a strong correlation between childhood experiences and depression. A very strong correlation existed between depression and fearful and preoccupied attachment styles, consistent with the second hypothesis. The researchers found that attachment style had more of an impact than depression, "attachment style was the most consistent predictor of relationship functioning and generally predicted functioning better than depression," consistent with the third hypothesis. The second study consisting of clinically depressed married women, and non depressed women found a correlation between greater fearful avoidance and preoccupation in recovering clinically depressed married women. This study raised several interesting questions: To what can the various types of relationship functioning and the multifarious correlation's between the variables involved be ascribed? Are the factors controlling depression external or internal? How do people develop their "working models" of relationships? Do these models derive from childhood, or are they slowly assimilated over the course of one's life? I would now like to go on to the treatment and results of depression and the affects on the ones they love. When one is depressive, some studies show that one may become more productive at work, they need less, sleep, and also concentrate harder on their work according to Syndrome of The Elite: Bipolar Disorder II, by Carl Sherman. People affected sometimes can have quick, innovative intelligence. They can be charismatic, have more energy, but they can also have extreme mood swings to upset a relationship. When one is treated with a medication such as lithium to stabilize their moods, one may actually benefit from having such a disease. These people will be hard working, need less sleep, and can get ahead in their jobs.

Plastic Automotive Headlamp Lighting Systems essays

Plastic Automotive Headlamp Lighting Systems essays G.E. Plastics, a leading producer of engineering thermoplastics, has announced a new breakthrough in a plastics resin called Lexan. The year is 1953 and Dr. Daniel W. Fox, the scientist responsible for the development of Lexan, describes the Amorphous thermoplastic that combines high levels of mechanical, electrical, optical, and thermal properties, providing designers and engineers with new opportunities for developing innovative, cost-effective products for the industries of computer/electronics, building/construction, optical lenses, medical, household appliances, and automotive. The foresight of Dr. Fox and the entire G.E. plastics product team in the future involving Lexan, has unmistakably contributed to revolutionized consumer products we enjoy. These products could be utilizing any of the one hundred eighty six grades of resins in the Lexan family of Polymers. The dedication of the scientists at G.E. Plastics has continued through their fifty-year anniversary, with the a nnouncement of the next generation Lexan resin, EXL. This super tough polycarbonate of silicone copolymerization reveals improved processability and release properties, better UV weatherability, added low-temperature impact strength, and cold temperature ductility. This new and improved Lexan resin additionally includes increased impact resistance while maintaining its clarity. It is particularly clear why the proud legacy of Lexans fifty years of thermoplastic development is viewed as the flagship product of G.E. Plastics. While the future of Lexan looks bright and clear with G.E., it is just as imperative from a motor vehicle operation stand point to see clearly, especially when the driving conditions require the use of headlamps. Headlamp assemblies are one of many systems of a vehicle to promote a safer operating environment to everyone on our roads and highways. The H.I.D. (high intensity discharge) headlamps consist of a Bez...

Training in Food Safety is Essential for Foodservice Employees Research Paper

Training in Food Safety is Essential for Foodservice Employees - Research Paper Example   Probable undesirable compounds found in foods span a broad range, from environmental contaminants such as dioxins and natural contaminants such as mycotoxins to agrichemicals such as pesticides. A vast majority of incidences of foodborne illnesses are preventable if all food safety principles are adhered to from food production to consumption. Given that it is presently relatively impossible for food producers to guarantee a pathogen free supply of food, foodservice employees serve as critical links in the chain to deter foodborne illnesses. This paper will examine what foodservice employees need to be aware as effective strategies of minimizing the existence and consequences of pathogens or their inherent toxins in food. Food safety is a crucial issue that engulfs the foodservice industry. An in-depth understanding of the procedures encompassed in food safety, as well as the potential causes of foodborne illnesses is quite pertinent for all persons who handle food. It is only kn owledgeable, skilled and highly motivated foodservice employees trained to adhere to the proper procedures coupled with management that effectively keep an eye on employee performances can guarantee food safety (Chapman, Eversley, Fillion, MacLaurin & Powell, 2010). Foodservice employees play quite an integral role in deterring, as well as controlling or managing the epidemics of food borne illnesses. Foodservice managers typically employ the services of a massive number of part-time, as well as full-time employees, to offer food services. Part-time employees are typically aimed at providing flexibility in the workforce. It is, therefore, quite common that foodservice managers hire a large number of part-time, as well as international student employees who have no foodservice history or experience. In addition, many part-time employees work in the foodservice industry for only a brief timeframe before leaving for employment in other fields and industries. As a consequence, part-time employees may typically have lowered awareness of, as well as concern regarding the principles of food safety compared to full-time employees. It is, therefore, critical that managers educate both part-time and full-time employees regarding the issue of food safety, train them to ensure that they make use of appropriate food handling procedures, and assess their overall performance. A number of studies have been carried out to investigate part-time and full-time foodservice employees’ knowledge, practices, training, as well as attitudes, towards food safety. For instance, Chapman (2013) examined food handling practices, the presence of precondition food safety programs, as well as safety knowledge among foodservice scholars at least 40 Iowa schools. The researchers aimed at determining the readiness of foodservice students to implement hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) programs within their foodservice undertakings.

Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 30

Questions - Assignment Example This eases pressure on the mother and feels relaxed now that she has someone to be with during that hectic period. The father can also engage the mother with parenting books and making sure she gets enough rest and good diet. Infant exhibits primitive reflexes that enable them to survive. These reflexes originate from the central nervous system in response to particular stimuli. One of the reflexes that enable the infant survive is rooting reflex that enables the breast feeding infant find mothers nipple. Other reflexes exhibited by infants are sucking reflexes. It is connected to breast feeding reflex and help the infant suck anything that touches the roof of their mouth. Talking to infants give them a good start of language development. It ensures the infant start to master new words and leans the power of new words. This goes a long way in building intimate attachment and lasting relationship. Separation anxiety is a normal emotional stage which occurs when infant start to realize that people and thing exist even without his presence. This is sometimes called object permanence. From an evolutionary aspect, a defenseless child gets anxiety of being separated from the parents who in most of the occasion provide protection. A tried and proven way to solve this problem is for the parents to stay with the infant to allow the baby outgrow that stage. If the parents have to leave, then they can leave the infant with familiar faces which will help the child adjust more quickly. Discipline is an integral part of one life. It helps a person identify the wrongs and the right ways. For children, discipline is grounded on developing a healthy relationship. When the parent understands himself and the child, it becomes easy to know which discipline would work. Avoid power battles helps one to learn the cause of the problem and handle it with better solutions. Besides, understanding the situation which

Economics - Entrepreneur Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Economics - Entrepreneur Case study - Essay Example This position has further been corroborated by the fact that Peter Druker described innovation as the specific function of entrepreneurship thus the first sign of the fact that Sid is an entrepreneur is the fact that he is an innovator- a person who invented something to enhance the flexibility of working within roofing industry. The so called Rail is typical example of the fact that entrepreneurs are always technically savvy persons. Creating capital is often considered as the most important activity performed by the entrepreneur (Thompson, 1999) and the fact that the assumptions made by Sid to capture 1% of the market is indicating towards the fact that he is going to start the creation of capital which would further increase his business as well as employing other persons to create further employment opportunities. However, what is most important to note here is the fact that just innovation may not be sufficient until and unless it is not backed up by the certain characteristics as well as motivations of the entrepreneur. Creativity is considered as one of the biggest motivators for the entrepreneurs to continue to carry on activities which are not only creative in nature but also have the potential to be economically successful. (Mosakowski, 1998). The so called ladder rail of Mr. Sid is an example of how creativity has been the chief source behind the fact that he continued to work on his creative ideas despite a negative response from his company. Thus from this perspective, it is also clear and evident that Mr. Sid is an entrepreneur. Finally, perseverance is the key in entrepreneurship. It helps entrepreneurs to keep going even in the fact of difficulties. This allows them to have the necessary motivational drive to keep pursuing their dreams as once an entrepreneur decide taking a chance than it become difficult to retract from the position and that is what Mr. Sid showed. Despite reduction in the sales prices offered by the major buyers, the

The Effects Of Colonialism On Gender Inequality Politics Essay

The Effects Of Colonialism On Gender Inequality Politics Essay The North/ South divide and gender inequality are intertwined and influence the lives of women in the northern hemisphere significantly different than that from women who are inhabitants of the southern hemisphere. This paper will discuss the role of globalization as a multidimensional process and how it affects the life of women in terms of economic, social, and cultural development. Globalization has led to violations of womens civil rights because of the decline of the welfare state, the increased poverty among women, the role religion plays in fundamentalist societies and in armed conflict. However, it has also caused tremendous opportunities for women to better their lives and hereby setting standards to demand equal women rights. Considering the percentage of women in the world population it is important to study the role of gender equality. Women as laborers and their contribution to their communities and national economies have a significant impact on globalization. In additi on, the emphasis on social justice and democracy as a preferred political ideology to stimulate globalization makes gender issues an important factor. Gender inequality is caused by our social institutions and organizations who suppress womens social and economic rights, often unknowingly, by placing insufficient importance on gender as a factor in decision making. Some say that inequality and economic growth are coexisting phenomena but it is no argument to allow exploitation and marginalization of selected groups. Neo-liberalist thinking promotes globalization but it also creates opportunity for avoidance of social responsibility by governments and multinational corporations. Gender inequality can most effectively be influenced by changing the political agenda. A countrys national governance on legislative, judicial and executive policies will stimulate a dialogue that leads to change. Globalization: North vs. South The term globalization has no accepted definition and therefore the interpretation depending on who uses the term, can vary from a pure economic perspective to a more liberal definition in terms of civil development. Adam Smith described in his book the Wealth of Nations, how economical growth leads to change in social behavior and eventually change in public policy. Globalization by these means is a process whereby a society acquires economic growth and sustainable human development through processes of democratization. However, these processes traditionally do not include gender in negotiation and representation. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and communism as an ideology, institutions that promoted global economies and also the spread of capitalism appeared. The divide between East and West became a divide between North and South now based on economic perspectives instead of political doctrines. Globalization is than characterized by free trade and the virtual removal of borders in order to promote exchange of goods, services and capital between nations. The countries in the northern hemisphere have experienced at least one industrial revolution and therefore have the advantage of being able to produce higher quality goods and using more advanced technology in their production methods. Countries in the Southern hemisphere are predominantly agrarian, so for the most part feudal societies instead of industrialized ones. This observable fact, lack of industrialization, is directly linked to the disadvantages that many developing countries experience, to compete with the countries of the developed world. As a result their participation in the globalization process is limited to being suppliers of raw materials. The Northerners, or developed countries, use these materials to produce high-end products for the world market including to countries who are the very same raw material supplier. The obstacle for developing countries to compete equally is often caused by the backwardness of their economic development based on their history of colonialism. Imperialism and colonialism theorized Imperialism and colonialism are factors one should consider when analyzing a countries successful participation in the global economy. Not only did these phenomena affected the colonialized countries economies by stripping their resources. Its population experienced a so called identity crisis, because they were not used to their independent status nor had they the understanding of political functions and their relationships. The inequality between developed states and developing states is discussed in the politics of modernization by Max Weber. There are three theories that are influencing developing countries. The first one, the Dependency Theory is a marxist inspired theory that entails concepts such as Core or Metropolis, (developed states) Periphery or Satellite ( developing states) and semi periphery( industrialized states that are still considered developing countries). There is a dependency between the Core and Periphery because of their interaction with each other. The core provides technology and expertise and the periphery provides the raw materials. The raw materials are offered very cheap, but in return the high end products are sold for a high price, which results in poorer countries facing a constant deficit between their export and import income. The theory assumes that core and periphery need each other to exist, but based on this interdependence some scholars of Stanfords Universities Hoover Institutions Office of Public Affairs, maintain that globalization is yet another type of imperialism. Marxist ideology as an inspiration for the Dependency Theory, claims that isolation policy provides the solution for getting rid of the unequal interdependence between rich and poor countries. Siegel et al claims that using methods such as import substitution strategy result in decline of export industry which is necessary for investment in technology to achieve advanced phases of industrialization. The theory is challenged by the lack of categorizing NICs, or new industrialized countries. An example of an NIC are oil producing countries, but calling them semi peripheral takes them out of the equation in which core and periphery are compared. To deal with crisis of nation building, state building, participation and distribution, (Almond and Powell 1966) comprehension of the Politics of Modernization is required. This pro-capitalist perspective assumes that modernization will develop similarly in the North and the South. The second theory as described by Burnell and Randall (p17), Gabriel Almonds Political Development Theory, uses a structural model for comparative analysis in which he incorporates input functions (i.e. political socialization, political recruitment, interest articulation and political communication) and output functions (i.e. rulemaking, rule implementation and rule adjudication) as a guiding principle for political development. In addition, a stable government is required to change traditional habits and principles. However, to the contrary, Burnell and Randall ( intro4) claim that developing countries, in their post- colonial phase show: authoritarian rule, political instability, internal conflict, corr uption and politics of religious or ethnic identity. The third theory of modernization, the Globalization Theory focuses on the development of communication, technology and infrastructure leading to global economic integration. According to Burnell and Randall, the Dependency- and Political Development Theory were more concerned with politics and the role of the state, which is completely opposite of the Globalization Theory which mainly focuses on development of global trade, foreign direct investment and global finance. One direct result of this focus is that the nation state loses its autonomy and eliminates one of the most primary functions, security. Protecting of ones borders, economy and inhabitants is a function that is important for very poor countries as their existence is depending on it. The controversy about the modernization theories is that they are based on ethnocentric political perspective. They are promoting an elite group of the haves and/or a capitalist class. The notion that globalization can bring everyone involved up to middle class system is ineligible. The free market system does not work for all developing countries because of the backwardness of their economy ( Burnell Randall, p3). As it took developed countries centuries to get where they are, the developing countries have to go to many stages of development to be able to compete. However, developing countries can not all be categorized in one group and to assume that all countries develop by the same principle is narrow sighted. Although, they do have a history of colonialism in common, their post -colonial development is depending on different factors. The Anglo- Saxon settler countries, United States, Australia, New Zealand and Canada took over the traditions, rules of law and property and indiv idual rights of the motherland, the United Kingdom. As they kept close ties with their previous occupiers by conducting trade and foreign investments, the transition to a developed nation was flawless. In other colonies, we see political fragmentation caused by religious and ethnic division in the countries. The economic effects of imperialism and colonialism are undeniable. The legacy is still noticeable in current world political dynamics and plays a significant role in developing countries ability to develop successful economies and achieve the same standards in civil development and human equality. GLOBALIZATION AND INEQUALITY Globalization decreases inequality! This is a common assumption for most people, but few know how inequality and economic growth are linked. For the purpose of this paper, we have to look at several forms of inequality as gender inequality is coupled with economic, social, and political inequality. Looking at economic growth in most countries, one can conclude that globalization is good for everyone as most people, even the very poor achieve prosperity. Lall et al., discusses the correlation of this viewpoint with Kuznetss hypothesis in which income inequality rises at the beginning of the industrialization process but once established it decreases again. They observed that increased technology, financial and trade globalization increased inequality, while liberalization of trade and financial markets lowered income inequality. The other outlook claims that prosperity is not shared by the whole population and that only a small group benefits from economic growth. As a matter of fact, the alleged income inequality does not advance globalization processes as the so called losers may become a burden on the welfare state. Concurrently, the machinery of globalization is obstructed and not all opportunities are exhausted. For example, proceeds are not invested in the industry but in distribution of income. Social inequality refers to differences in class and status. A good example is the cast system in India, based on religion but also on heritage. The ranking of elite groups based on descend is an inequality that is not a result of globalization. However, the status inherited came with special treatment such as education opportunity and predisposition to economic and other business dealings. In the United States, equality of men, particularly the black man has been legitimized just a few decades ago. Women, especially, the ones that live in fundamentalist religious societies are denied basic social rights and are clearly victims of social inequality. In many develop ing countries political inequality becomes evident in traditional expressions of tribal culture, the client-patron relationships, nepotism and the lack of established laws for civil and constitutional rights. GENDER INEQUALITY Gender inequality is a current world problem and is found in developed and developing countries. The Worldbank claims that in any region, any state and any social class inequality between men and women exists. A few exceptions to this rule are the Scandinavian countries. The strong democratic political structures of Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland and strong women organizations are believed to be the reason for this transformation in policy making. Gender Equality defined as the difference between men and women and equality in their rights perceived fair based on their biological differences. Traditionally, gender differences and roles between men and women is based on the fact that women are the bearers and caregivers of children. Men are physically stronger and therefore, the breadwinners. Each culture has their own interpretations of these gender specific roles, but with globalization socio-economic trends change as well. Inequality, weather economic, social or political have been researched and play a significant role in economic development, but also in human civil development. Gender inequality is linked to appropriate functioning of our social institutions and organizations. Suppression of womens social and economic rights often happens unknowingly because there is insufficient importance placed on gender as a factor in decision making. However, I see patriarchy as the determining factor leading to inequality in womens life. MEASURING GENDER INEQUALITY The United Nations Human Development Report measures inequality between men and women in countries. This method, GEM or Gender Empowerment Measurement, considers political participation and decision making, economic participation and decision making, and the access to economical resources. Than a calculation of each genders percentile in three areas is studied. The first measurement looks at the percentage of each gender in parliament. The second measurement focuses on the level of the position held, whether it is executive or managerial or staff. The last measurement, researches the disparity in income. Both percentage data for female and male are paired for each measurement and combined in the EDEP, (Equally Distributed Equivalent Percentage). The GEM is than calculated by averaging the EDEPs . Gender equality by regiongender_equality_index.jpg WOMENS ROLE IN THE POLITICAL PROCESS For the longest time women have not participated in the political process because of several reasons. First of all, women suffrage has not been an option in every country and was not established until the late 19th century. Most women in developing countries could not vote until the mid 50s. Governing has always been a mans job and until the networks to promote womens voices and their right to be heard were build, participating in the political process was impossible. Another obstacle is illiteracy; about two thirds of the worlds illiterates are women. Rao and Kelleher studied institutions and organizations that are involved in supporting women. They conclude that organizational structure and culture is the problem to the stagnating trend to policy change. The womens conference in Beijing in 1995 proved that women are mobilizing and that womens political activism and NGOs are increasing. The stigma that feminism creates has sometimes worked adversely for grass roots women movements a nd the resistance of a male driven government. Sikoska and Kardam infer in their study that engendering the political agenda is a slow process and requires gender advocacy on a government level. They believe that the focus on getting more women in parliamentarian seats does not warrant that women issues will be addressed. As strange as it might seem gender inequality also exists because of the lack of equality consciousness by both men and women. gender_education1.jpg INCOME AND LABOR Women earn less than men and this phenomenon arises in both developing and developed countries. This inequality has been accepted up to the 20th century as normal. Yet, the difference in pay of man and women is a form of exploitation as the employer can make additional profit based on the income inequality. Swasti Mitters claims regarding the working circumstances in the technology manufacturing industry in India , confirms my idea that in globalization the primary concern is profit. She says that in order to mobilize the employees to demand unions and healthy work environments their needs to be an opportunity for change, but as employees in this industry are so easily replaced it is hard to get support. In most developing countries women do not get paid for work on the land or any other domestic duties. They are required to take care of the children, the animals and very often they function as the head of the family. The patrimonial system, with men as the head of the families preve nt women to own land and therefore, government support for women in the agrarian sector is not available. HEALTH ISSUES Education is a first requirement for women to stimulate their personal and economic growth. Women who are educated are better in monitoring their families health (mothers make sure children get their vaccines) and providing proper nutrition. Burnell and Randall point out that the pronatalist view of developing states increases inequality as women do not have the ability to make choices over their bodies in terms of contraception and abortion. Many women die in labor and because of the restrictions on emergency contraception, local abortion practices lead to serious health issues and sometimes in death. One of the direct results of the government imposed restrictions is overpopulation, which leads to higher poverty and famine. Case studies. Engendering globalization in India India , a member of the BRIC countries because of its tremendous economic growth in the past decades is considered an example of successful globalization. The country has the largest population of one billion inhabitants, in the world. It also has one of the highest poverty levels of approximately 350- million people that are living below the poverty line. The overpopulation and illiteracy is one of the main reasons this country is so poverty stricken, with women and children as the main victims. Although the country has experienced an tremendous economic growth, the selectiveness of the industries involved in this development are not providing revenues for all areas. The middle class has experienced exponential increases in growth and wealth, but this has lead to deeper inequality. With other words, some parts are developing rapidly because of the new economic development (the urban areas) and there is the rural part that does not experience any of the growth. Actually, people in th e rural areas are getting poorer because of the commercialization of agriculture. The New Economic Policy of 1991 instigated by the IMF and the World Bank urged for human development but the policy has not been effective and at some cases it worsened inequality. Rekha Pande argues structural adjustment in particular is not gender neutral and that developmental policies affects both men and women. However, she points out that women carry the double burden of poverty and discrimination. She states that women are underpaid compared to men; they are not credit worthy to achieve loans and do not have the same access to resources as men and that these factors lead to further inequality. Women in general are not considered land owners even if statistics show that agriculture employs 85 % of all working women. The commercialization of agriculture caused many women to lose their source of income, as they could not compete with the bigger farms and landowners now hired cash workers instead of leasing their land to the landless women. CQ Researcher describes how the subsistence economy, where most of these women lived off to feed their families and make some income, providing they could sell their surplus, was now taken away and poverty deepened. Relocation to the urban areas is often the only option available for these female farmers. These displaced farmers become hired workers and are being exploited for very low wages, long working hours and no security or social benefits. Globalization does not provide the kind of richness people from the impoverished layer of the population expect. On the contrary, for many, globalization causes insecurity and inequality. Pande claims that women lose their identity and independence by giving up agriculture for a life of marginalization and pauperization. Case study: Afghanistan Afghanistan a country in South Central Asia, has a population of 28 million inhabitants consisting out of the Pashtuns, 44 % and Tajiks 25%. The remainder is divided over minorities groups. 60 % of the population is female, which is assumed happened because of the war casualties. The poverty rate is very high, in some areas over 90 %. The occupation by the Soviet Union and decades of civil war with the Mujahideen and the Taliban created an environment of economic and political chaos. They lack all essential resources, to stabilize their government but according to Huma Ahmed-Gosh this is the best period to establish a new economic polity because the country is in transf0rmation. The country had an economic growth of over 10% between 2003 and 2008 and the Afghans believe this growth can be achieved again in the very near future (World Bank 2008). USAID and the Afghan government are working together to establish economic programs that diminish poverty, provides security and stimulate t he private sector to do investments and create job opportunities. The agrarian industry is the main source of income for most Afghans. In cooperation with the World Bank a $30 million grant was approved for the Afghanistan Rural Enterprise Development Program to assist farmers in the rural areas. An additional $23 million was pledged by the UK. This pilot program targets 20 different communities and is headed by one male and one female. Savings Groups were set up to be educated in finances and provide small loans to members of the communities. Enterprise Groups were established to create community based activities and projects. For the purpose of integration of women in the economical process, this pilot can already be considered successful as after 4 months over 300 groups were established from which half of them by women. Humah-Ahmed Gosh interviewed three Afghani women in Turin at an International Conference for women about the role of their respective womens organizations and th eir criteria for establishing equal women rights. RAWA, which stands for Revolutionary Association of the Woman in Afghanistan focuses on social justice and human rights for women. HAWCA or Humanitarian Assistance for Women and Children in Afghanistan agenda is to better the lives of women and children through empowerment and support womens involvement in rebuilding Afghanistan through education. The third organization, The All Afghan Womens Union, is headed by Soraya Parlika. She claims that teaching women skills and creating jobs is the best way to change family law and give women autonomy to eventually work to estebling a democratie. Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) are the most productive and effective means to change the political climate in Afghanistan. Globalization can change the patrilineal family structure by eliminating womens economic dependency. Conclusion Globalization and gender inequality are closely intertwined with each other. My studies of the subjects taught me that a thriving globalization process is dependent on many factors and there is significant variations in how each individual country s development is affected by these factors. First of all, the divide between North and South or rich and poor if you will, has an intricate influence on the ability of nations to fully exhaust the opportunities of globalization. That the Northerners had an advantage in the globalization race because of their role in imperialism is a fact. These nations already had gone through various stages of industrialization and achieved a higher level of civilization, resulting in higher educated employees and advanced industrialization technologies. In addition, their wealth opened opportunities for fast capital investments with tremendous gain. Most of the worlds multinational corporations were founded in the North, and that is where the profits are disbursed. The settler colonies are an exception to the rule as they were able to develop thriving economies in their post- colonial phase. Burnell and Randall analyze this phenomenon as being part of the dichotomy of the colonial elite which makes me think that Orientalism plays a significant role in the interaction between countries of the North and the South. . The role of patriarchy is rooted in society and is one of the main evils causing inequality for women. In the developed world women experience less gender inequality in the form of opportunity but more in the form of outcome. Secondly, as I mentioned processes of democratization are a vital requirement for a countrys economic growth and sustainable development. Democracy as an ideology, develops in different forms and previous colonies did not always develop into a democracy, mainly because of their pluralistic nature. However, globalization did develop in some countries with an authoritarian regime. This happened because of their resources. Good examples are the oil producing countries. In view of that, one can infer that the theories of modernization are incomplete. Some reasons are that they are eurocentric, anachronistic, uni-linear and the belief that politics in developing countries are made by domestic forces. The politics in developing countries are driven by the relationship between the state and society and depends on aspects such as finance, economy and technology. I think that countries, better said political leaders and heads of multinational corporations, are rational actors and that choices made are based on opportunities for personal gain and economic benefits. Women work hard in the development world and with globalization their numbers are increasing. Multinational corporations have transferred their manufacturing activities to developing countries because of their human capital. Globalization as a process should not have a negative effect on women in the developed world if it uses democratic processes and pursues rising the human standards of living. The controversy however, is that free trade and openness of the economic markets is not monitored by states. Transnational corporations have only one goal and that is making profits. In the developed countries regulations were in place to prevent exploitation of the factory workers through trade unions and labor laws. As most developing countries have not experienced an industrial revolution on their own, the process is expedited and some crucial steps of labor development are bypassed. Lack of education and poverty are the drivers for many women to sustain the treatment experienced in their work environments. Changing the politics and mentality is a slow process and NGOs promoting the welfare of women gain only small victories. The nation state should take control by using their sovereignty and demand changes when it comes to abuse of their inhabitants. The dominance of the richer states undermines this right, but it is apparent that countries like India and China are being listened to. Once a standard is set it can easily be globalized as a standard for all countries. I used India as an example in a case study because of my hypothesis. My choice was lead by factors such as the level of successfulness of this countries globalization, but also the adverse effect of globalization on the female population, resulting in gender inequality. Afghanistan on the other hand is an example, from which I believe that globalization can effect gender inequality positively. As shown by the humanitarian aid projects, whereby womens involvement is strong, interference by fundamentalist religion diminished. As discussed by Osborne and Gaebler, governments should steer not row. The conflict needs policies to resolve gender inequalities on a global scale as the diversity among people and the differences in cultures and tradition ask for different measures in each country. Therefore a global effort is needed by cooperation of the nation states. I researched India as an example because it fits my hypothesis that globalization can cause more inequality for women. With other dominance of the richer countries, their MNCs, foreign investmSecondlyents and transfer of resources has undermined the role of India as a nation state. ORIENTALISM AND RACIAL DOCTRINESj *Empowerment thru collective action instead of culture Women who are involved in subsistence economies and do not partake in the industrialization process. Globalization in Developing countricesk Globalization in fundamentalist societies Inequality as a tool Traditionally, men monopolize politics and Organisations The role of Democratie Engendering local and national politics References Hoover Institution: globalization versus imperialism Hoover Report February 11, 2002 Hoover Daily Report, produced by the Hoover Institution Office of Public Affairs Florence Jaumotte, Subir Lall,and Chris Papageorgiou : Rising Income Inequality Technology, or Trade and Financial Globalization?

Tanzanias Climate Essay -- Tourism Africa Global Warming Environment

Tanzania's Climate Tanzania represents a wealth of ecological diversity, ethnic diversity, and geographical diversity. It contains both the tallest mountain in Africa as well as the largest lake, and is a tourist hotspot for safaris and expeditions to Mt. Kilimanjaro. The citizens of Tanzania are utterly dependent on the weather for their two major businesses, agriculture and tourism. Thus, the climate of Tanzania is worth examining in greater detail. Tanzania has two distinct seasons, wet and dry. However, the northern region of Tanzania can experience two wet seasons, the longest of which spans from March to May and the shortest from November to December. The March to May period is known as â€Å"the long rains†, during which excessive rainfall occurs. The shorter period from November to December is known as â€Å"the short rains†, where rainfall occurs intermittently and may last into January. The rest of the country experiences one wet season from November to May. Since Tanzania is located in the Southern hemisphere, December to March can be considered the country’s summer, and June to September its winter. The seasons are â€Å"in fact the transition between the two main trade wind systems which dominate at different times of the year; the northeasterly trades between December and March, and the southeasterlies between June and September† (Sumner 53-66). Caused by the highly cyclic weather patterns of the intertropical convergence zone, these trade winds are the main factor in determining the change of seasons and are abetted by the very geography of Tanzania. The flow of air over the East African plateau causes the formation of the Southerly Jet which in turn regulates the Indian monsoon season. The jet flows in parallel to Ta... ...does not bode well for its inhabitants. If remedial measures are not taken, Tanzania’s economy and quality of life will suffer greatly in the near future, and we as a planet will suffer greater consequences in the far future due to the rising temperature of the Earth. Works Cited: Alverson, Keith, et al. "A Global Paleoclimate Observing System." Science 293.5527 (2001): 47-8. Nieuwolt, S. "Rainstorm Distributions in Tanzania." Geografiska Annaler.Series A, Physical Geography 56.3/4 (1974): 241-50. Sumner, G. N. "Daily Rainfall Variability in Coastal Tanzania." Geografiska Annaler.Series A, Physical Geography 65.1/2 (1983): 53-66. Zhou, Guofa, et al. "Association between Climate Variability and Malaria Epidemics in the East African Highlands." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101.8 (2004): 2375-80.

Multifocal learning Essay

Everybody has their own learning styles. Some learn by seeing, some by hearing, some by reading or writing and some by experiencing things. Multifocal learning is the preferred learning style for majority of the learning population. Multifocal learning can be a combination of Visual and Auditory or Read/Write or Kinesthetic. It can also be a combination of 2or 3 of the above mentioned leaning styles. Multifocal Learning helps to use more strategies to learn and communicate. So based on the questionnaire aural, read/write and kinesthetic is the preferred learning style. For the multifocal learners, they prefer more techniques of learning and they may feel incomplete if they have to stick to only one strategy. To learn new things in desirable way, one is comfortable and they have to make useful what they are involved and to get good grades, one has to prefer one main learning strategy and make use of the other strategies as a support. Of the three strategies mentioned in the preferred leaning styles, read / write is the one which sounds good. Compared to strategies like aural, read / write and kinesthetic, read/write has more benefits. Most people use some or all of the instructions mentioned below if reading / writing is strongly preferred. The information is taken in the best way if one will do lists of readings , note headings, refer dictionaries, mark glossaries, have definitions and handouts, do reading like read textbooks and library readings, have notes of whatever you learn, read essays, note the good words and notes from the teachers and use of manuals for lab purposes. To benefit maximum from the r/ w one has to repeatedly write the words until memorized and also read the notes frequently to be up-to-date. Also its benefits from rewriting, in other words, of the ideas and principles learned. One has to be organizing the diagrams, graphs or charts into more comprehensible. Note answers for exams, multiple choice questions should be practiced, practice writing essays, arranging the words to hierarchies or points and listing the points by 1,2,3,4. Speaking about Kinesthetic learning, we have to use all our senses like sight, touch, taste, smell and hearing, go to lab, have field tours and trips, will remember lectures which gives real life examples, will remember the examples cited, the applications and exhibits, needs recipes for problem solutions , have to have hands on approach, also needs trial and error methods. There will be literally no lecture notes and will have to remember real things occurred. Using pictures to show the idea.  They have to recall experiments or go back to lab. Have to use examples into the studies to memorise. Have to relate to situations to recollect later and having role play the situations or talking to another person will help to improve learning. And the last method Aural learning, one has to be attending classes and tu torials, topics should be discussed with friends and teachers, use tape recorders to listen, Also remembering the examples from sroties or jokes. Also decription of pictures and other visuals to someone who was not present at the time and leaving spaces in the notes to recall later and fill it. Others to listening to the notes you make for better understanding. Reading your notes aloud and explaining the notes to another aural person will be a good idea. Imagine that you are talking to the examiner. To recall the ideas it is good to be in quite places. Say your answers aloud or in your head. On evaluation study habits should be improved in various areas to enhance knowledge. The most important are as follows, one has to try to learn as much things as possible as they come up in the lecture, classes or sessions and also have to spend time on those before the due of assignments or tests. It’s a good idea to learn things from daily life which helps us in our practical knowledge. Reading news and journals will improve the general knowledge. Always find some time to clear all your doubts with your professors. Put your wok and study in a way that it will not interfere with each other. Finally good eating and rest is an inevitable part for good learning. VARK learning style assessment is widely used process which helps to direct one’s learning styles. As it gives the options of the learning styles one can have different learning strategies which help to improve learning. The VARK questionnaire gives options to people to the different ways to learning. Also it is useful for people who have difficulty in learning in their ways. VARK is used in the fields of business, sports, and education and training purposes. But it’s very important that the learning style is one’s own preference. There is no limit in the way to learn or there is no particular style or any advantage to have any of the learning strategies. The best way is to choose from the different available learning strategies, either one or in combination, which works best for you. Visual learning is mainly by videos, slide shows, pictures or postures. Also textbooks with pictures and diagrams help a lot. Graphs, flowcharts, symbols, also using highlighters to underline different topics and gestures  and picturesque language used for teaching by lecturers also include in the visual learning.

Modern History – Nazism as Totalitarian

Germany was a totalitarian state, however, only to an extent due to differing perspectives Nazi Germany did not fit the universal criteria of what constitutes totalitarianism. It is unarguably necessary that Germany was ran by a single party, had absolute control over mass communication & media, had a systematic terror & police control as well as total control over the army. However, many have argued that Nazi Germany was not totalitarian as it did not have total control over the economy and Hitler’s role in regime of the Nazism played a significant role in whether or not Germany was totalitarian. Views of Hitler’s role in the Nazi state concerning whether or not Germany was totalitarian changed over time, from when Hitler was the absolute centre and in complete control of Nazism to the view of ‘Working towards the Fuhrer’. Germany was a totalitarian state to an extent. Joseph Goebbel was the Minister for Enlightenment and Propaganda, who strictly repressed all public communications such as censoring all aspects of newspapers, heavy censorship of films, events that were organised to place Nazis’ message in a positive light as well as the effectively using the radio. Radios were cheap and when manufactured, they were preset to Nazi stations only. Through this aspect, civilians were constantly exposed and brainwashed to believe the righteousness of the principles of Nazism such as broadcasting Hitler’s speeches in full and placing glorifying Nazis. Newspaper editors were told daily of what stories were to be published, opinions to be expressed and even graphics. The ‘Fuhrer Myth’ played a significant role in Nazi propaganda: it portrayed Hitler to be a man who was born to lead Germany, ordinary yet extraordinary. Hitler had ended the Depression; he was anti-Marxist, thus he would save Germany from Communism; and he was willing to take action to save Germany from hated aspects such the Treaty of Versailles. The image portrayed was propaganda and was more or less a lie, thus proving that Nazi Germany was a totalitarian state. Hitler had learnt a lesson in 1923, to gain power and popularity he must gain it through the legal processes. After the series of events that lead to Hitler’s appointment as Chancellor, he legally pushed out any parties that had any possible means of opposition out of the framework of Nazi Germany, therefore leaving no room for individuality. The sworn personal allegiance of the army to Hitler is also another factor that confirms that Nazi Germany was a totalitarian state. It is evident to understand that there are concepts in which Nazi Germany is not considered to be a totalitarian state. There are different viewpoints of Germany that determines whether or not Germany was a totalitarian state during the Nazi regime. One viewpoint is that Hitler was the absolute centre and in complete control of Nazism. This idea established that all aspects during his rule went with the direct consent from Hitler himself, no policies were made without the reference of his ideology and all successes & problems could be Hitler’s responsibility. This aspect showed historians that Nazi Germany was a totalitarian state: Hitler had detailed understanding of specific situations, the public’s grievances, Europe’s fear of communism, gaining power through legal proceedings and the importance of the link between terror and propaganda in which he used to his advantage to seize control over the entire country. This perspective is contrasted with the modern viewpoint of ‘Working towards the Fuhrer’. Hitler was not interested in the day to day running of things, his attention was mainly concentrated on his ‘will’ and his plan for Germany which was a basis that took Germany forward. Often, Hitler would not make decisions hence leaving situations pending. Due to this issue, policy makers had to create or amend programs and policies that followed the in line of Hitler’s way of thinking. This concept explained the reasons why the regime become more radical as time wore on. Hitler’s beliefs such as ridding the Jews, destroying the Bolsheviks, creating the Aryan race lead to such events such as the Night of the Broken Glass and killings of those who did not fit the criteria of the Aryan description. The idea that Hitler was seen to above the day to day running of things, played a part in demonstrating the ‘Fuhrer Myth’ proved that he was beyond reproach thus, his followers must followed his line of thinking. This viewpoint shows that despite having complete control over media and communication, Germany was a totalitarian state, only to an extent. Another aspect that constitutes a totalitarian state is that it must have an official ideology. Nazi Germany, despite every civilian owning ‘Mein Kampf’, did not have an official ideology like the Soviet Union, which in theory, wanted a classless society. Nazism was a cluster of disassociated ideas that were tied together by Hitler whereas the Soviet Union had Marxism and Communism. As a result of this failure to fill the point of having an official ideology, it shows that Germany was not a totalitarian state. Significant aspects of Nazi Germany proves that it was a totalitarian state, such as its complete control over media and communication, Germany’s evident systematic terror and control as well as power over the army. However, due to differing perspectives, it is clear that Germany was a totalitarian state, only to an extent as it did not have an official ideology, and total control over the economy

Marriage A sociaological Perspective essays

Marriage A sociaological Perspective essays The Institution of Marriage: A Sociological Perspective According to Webster, marriage is defined as the institution whereby men and women are joined in a special kind of social and legal dependence for the purpose of founding and maintaining a family. That sounds simple enough however, it was not always so. During the seventeenth century arranged marriages were commonplace. The primary purpose of marriage was to bring together family and property. In the colonial period couples married for friendship. Not until the 1800s did love and romance become central to marriage. Now marriage is seen as the merging of individuals instead of families. Since then the words love and marriage have gone hand in hand. Christianity defines marriage as a holy union under god. Couples accept one another for better or for worse until death do they part. The church frowns upon the mere mention of divorce and although the values surrounding marriage have evolved, forsaking the sacrament of marriage is a sin in the eyes of a Christian god. Values such as activity and work, humanitarianism, religiosity and romantic love define the ideal Christian model although, real culture differs somewhat. External influences create variables that affect change in how individuals prioritize their values creating the real culture that more closely resembles modern society. Americans place high value on achievement and success, an area that is augmented through education and gauged by the accumulation of material wealth. Individualism is a symptom of the economics of capitalism. The individuals goals and chances for success are enhanced by efficiency and practicality, which is in turn enhanced by technological progress. As the costs of living increase marriage has become a convenient solution to affording better quality of life. Herein lies a paradox. A pair ...

Leaders in the making of Americas Revolution and Goverment Essay

Leaders in the making of Americas Revolution and Goverment - Essay Example One of the main causes that initiated the revolutionary war was the geographic distance that separated the colonies from Great Britain (Countryman 5). Many colonists migrated from Great Britain to gain independence and to seek their own personal freedoms that the King George III clearly neglected (Countryman 10). The desire to colonize the new world generally meant more liberation and strong urgency of independence. Another root cause the American Revolutionary War was the colonial legislatures that were enacted by the King (Countryman 13). The enactment of these laws meant that that the colonies continued to be pass laws and pay taxes to atone the sins of the Great Britain. Tom Paine’s in his literary work the â€Å"common sense† described King George as a â€Å"royal brute.† King George III can be considered an â€Å"unfit leader† in many aspects. First and foremost is the fact that he used the colonist’s tax money to fund his poor decisions as a King but also to pay for his son’s misfortunes. In essence, he utilized the tax money to fund another of his son’s illegal marriage (Brooks 45). Furthermore, he continued to useless acts such as the sugar and stamp act to fund his useless ventures. George III is often accused of consistently trying to keep Great Britain at war with America, despite the opinion of his cabinet. According to his perspective, the King wanted to "keep the rebels harassed, anxious, and poor, until the day when, by a natural and inevitable process, discontent and disappointment were converted into penitence and remorse"(â€Å"Boston Tea Party Facts†). King George III clearly had a safety net to protect himself when he was in trouble. In order to fund his financial burdens, the King would impose illogical taxes to the colonists. The colonists saw this as an oppression towards their liberty as their hard work was subjected to pointless tariffs (Brooks 26). Clearly, King George III was no t as noble as he seemed. He refuted to abolish slavery in the colonies and imposed his personal will at every given point (Brooks 22). The King dissolved many of the legislations that the colonies demanded. Undoubtedly, he would not allow new legislations to be enacted, which created an unsecure atmosphere with an unstable government that the colonists could not afford to possess. Lastly, the root cause of American Revolutionary was due to the salutary neglect that the colonists had to face. Salutary Neglect was an accumulation of different policies that the Great Britain implemented during the eighteenth century, which comprised of a relaxed and indifferent enforcement of the Navigation Acts in the colonies (Murray 15). Although the British had a strict policy in mercantilism, the British Prime Minister had no problem enforcing salutary neglect (Murray 15). From the King’s perspective, salutary neglect deemed necessary in order to mitigate the risk of a revolution and mainta ining his power in the throne (Murray 20). In addition, enforcing salutary neglect would no doubt diminish any chance of stimulating the economy of the colonies. As an effect of flaring tensions between the colonies and the new tariffs that were levied by the highness himself, many American leaders began to adopt Liberal and Republican ideals (Murray 55). John Locke, the famous historian, was a key figure who influenced the American leaders to adopt to the â€Å"

The development of business activities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The development of business activities - Essay Example One of the major obstacles towards the increase of performance of the firm’s stores across the country seems to be the lack of fair and effective performance appraisal methods and reward systems; despite the fact that the performance appraisal methods should be based on the close cooperation between managers and employees (Falcone et al., 2007, 5) in DIY the level of cooperation among employees of different levels seems to be quite low. In fact, the store managers do not particularly interested in communicating with the employees of the store that is under their supervision – rather they are likely to emphasize on the increase of the profitability of the store – an increase of which they are going to be rewarded – through the Performance Related Pay (PRP) scheme applied to all the firm’s stores across Britain. At a next level, employees in DIY do not participate in the procedures related to the appraisal of their performance – even if their p articipation in the relevant schemes is required – as noted in the study of Harrington (2007, 58) where an emphasis is paid to the importance of performance reviews conducted by employees. It should be noted that no training of employees seems to be included in the firm’s current performance management system; training should be offered to employees and refer not only to the aspects of the firm’s performance management system but also to their skills – aiming to increase the employees’ skills and capabilities; such a training scheme would help towards the improvement of employees’ motivation.